EV consumption formulas
The exact multiplier tables behind the EVStrada calculator. The reader-friendly introduction lives at /methodology; this page is the raw data — copy-pasteable, citable, and the source of truth for what the model multiplies by what.
Per-segment formula
segment_kWh = (real_world_Wh_per_km / 1000)
× segment_km
× terrain_multiplier(grade)
× weight_multiplier(extra_kg)
× temperature_multiplier(ambient_C)
× hvac_multiplier(mode)
× driving_style_multiplier
× drag_multiplier(roof_box, trailer)
× speed_multiplier(avg_km/h)Total consumption is the sum over all segments.
Terrain multipliers
| Grade | Multiplier | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| < -6% | 0.72 | Steep downhill, strong regen |
| -6% to -3% | 0.85 | Downhill, moderate regen |
| -3% to -1% | 0.93 | Gentle downhill |
| -1% to +1% | 1.00 | Flat (baseline) |
| +1% to +3% | 1.12 | Gentle uphill |
| +3% to +6% | 1.28 | Uphill |
| > +6% | 1.45 | Steep uphill |
Weight multiplier
Baseline = vehicle curb weight + 75 kg driver. Each additional 100 kg adds 2.5% to consumption: 1 + (extra_kg / 100) × 0.025.
Temperature multiplier
Battery efficiency drops in cold weather; HVAC load rises in heat. Linear interpolation between:
| °C | Multiplier |
|---|---|
| -20 | 1.40 |
| -10 | 1.32 |
| 0 | 1.22 |
| 10 | 1.10 |
| 20 | 1.00 (baseline) |
| 30 | 1.06 |
| 40 | 1.12 |
Speed multiplier
Aerodynamic drag rises with the square of speed. Linear interpolation between:
| km/h | Multiplier |
|---|---|
| 50 | 0.82 |
| 80 | 0.95 |
| 100 | 1.08 |
| 120 | 1.25 |
| 130 | 1.35 |
Confidence band
We show three estimates: optimistic = realistic × 0.88, conservative = realistic × 1.12. This ±12% band captures driving-style variance and unmodeled factors (headwind, tire pressure, defensive driving).
Data sources
- Routing + elevation: OpenRouteService (SRTM 90 m DEM)
- Weather: Open-Meteo historical climate archive (3-year mean by season)
- Vehicle specs: Manufacturer WLTP × 1.18 real-world factor (calibrated from EV-Database community averages)
- Map tiles: OpenStreetMap contributors